Classification of Vibration

CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION Vibration can be classified in several ways. Some of the important classifications are as follows. †¢Free Vibration. If a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own, the ensuing vibration is known as free vibration. No external force acts on the system. The oscillation of a simple pendulum is an example of free vibration. †¢Forced Vibration. If a system is subjected to an external force (often, a repeating type of force), the resulting vibration is known as forced vibration. The oscillation that arises in machines such as diesel engines is an example of forced vibration.If the frequency of the external force coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the system, a condition known as resonance occurs, and the system undergoes dangerously large oscillations. Failures of such structures as buildings, bridges, turbines, and airplane wings have been associated with the occurrence of resonance. If no energy is lost or dis sipated in friction or other resistance during oscillation, the vibration is known as undamped vibration. If any energy is lost in this way, however, it is called damped vibration.In many physical systems, the amount of damping is so small that it can be disregarded for most engineering purposes. However, consideration of damping becomes extremely important in analyzing vibratory systems near resonance. If all the basic components of a vibratory system the spring, the mass, and the damper behave linearly, the resulting vibration is known as linear vibration. If, however, any of the basic components behave nonlinearly, the vibration is called nonlinear vibration. The differential equations that govern the behavior of linear and nonlinear vibratory systems are linear and nonlinear, respectively.If the vibration is linear, the principle of superposition holds, and the mathematical techniques of analysis are well developed. For nonlinear vibration, the superposition principle is not val id, and techniques of analysis are less well known. Since all vibratory systems tend to behave nonlinearly with increasing amplitude of oscillation, knowledge of nonlinear vibration is desirable in dealing with practical vibratory systems. If the value or magnitude of the excitation (force or motion) acting on a vibratory system is known at any given time, the excitation is called deterministic.The resulting vibration is called as deterministic vibration. In some cases, the excitation is nondeterministic or random; the value of the excitation at a given time cannot be predicted. In these cases, a large collection of records of the excitation may exhibit some statistical regularity. It is possible to estimate averages such as the mean and mean square values of the excitation. Examples of random excitations are wind velocity, road roughness, and ground motion during earthquakes. If the excitation is random, the resulting vibration is called random vibration. Reference link: http://cla ssof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

He Who Owns Information Owns the World Essay

It is impossible to underestimate the impact of Mass Media on every single person, and a society as a whole. For many centuries, starting with the invention of first printing machine, public opinion was extensively exposed to the influence of mass media. Ideally, mass media should be an independent body, whose main function is to reflect the reality, and provide people with new information, concerning economical, political and cultural aspects of life. But is it true that this is their only goal? However, as everything in the world is influenced by something, mass media is also being influenced, which makes it lose the main purpose which it serves. It is well-known that by means of mass media people’s behavior and beliefs can be adapted to the goals of certain individuals or organizations. Nevertheless the dramatic effect of mass media may seem small at the first sight, because it is a long slow process of adding up necessary information in order to modify public opinion. With the invention of the Internet the interaction between public opinion and mass media has become even stronger; hence, the influence on public opinion has also become more intense. As we know news programs on TV provide us with the current events going on worldwide, but it is already a fact that the same events are interpreted and shown differently in different countries. Before the news can be shown on TV they are altered in order to satisfy somebody’s needs. Thus, it is possible to say, that a process of â€Å"inventing reality† does really exists. To sum up we can see that who owns the information he owns the world. In my opinion the main function of mass media should be just the reflection of reality, without any interpretations, adaptations and other means of misleading the people. But unfortunately nowadays mass media is one more way to control people.

Depression of the 1890s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Depression of the 1890s - Essay Example On the state of political affairs in the U.S at the turn of the century, however, the four-year depression reflected through – (1) debates over bimetallism; (2) protests raised by the National Farmers’ Alliances and Industrial Union which eventually drove the Farmers Alliances to enter politics; as well as (3) incessant political corruption. To Americans, the initial stages of achieving an industrial economy occurred to have formed a revolutionary social order that only raised confusion especially among the working class, making them suspiciously ponder and react upon the possible outcomes of social development for the nation. It entailed a notion that such approach to spontaneous progress determines allocation of power and social security as via socio-political strength. In this perspective, reformists of the period were led to conceive that potential peril exists with the significant concern that as a response to it, people of the lower class may act in tumultuous agg ression in exercising their democratic right over to suppress individual economic growth thinking that liberty of acquisition of rights to property, particularly with those who could afford, would only emphasize inequality among social divisions and thus create on appropriating amount of common interests. Through the practice of commodity money regime that used to be popular until its initial decline in 1873, the period of depression witnessed how political parties tackled the issue of remedying the incompetent monetary supply by considering replacement or linkage between and one of two precious metals. In 1894, when Republican arguments on the predicament of bimetallism triumphed over those of Democrats, the political tension was carried on by the Populists who found the need to support the Democrats based on the pressure set upon the Congress in having to authorize the Treasury to release currency that may be held in equivalence to either gold or silver. As a consequence, neverthe less, political efforts led to dollar devaluation on adopting back the concept of bimetallism. Similarly, the impact of depression of the 1890s particularly brought farmers to seek acquisition of role or position in the government. Apparently, this resulted out of the failure for cooperatives to be managed and capitalized adequately so by becoming a political member, the establishment of the People’s Party among the farmers was expected to provide financial aid in combating the state of depression. Farmers, in this regard, sought after commodity credit system with the help of the Populists in order to be allowed storage of crops in the federal warehouse until such time the produce bears the capacity to attract good market. Concerns toward personal economy further resonated in politics even after the era of Reconstruction the latter 19th century depression was also witnessed to characterize corruption by the state authorities and widespread operation of fraudulent activities i n the U.S. government. Unsettled personal economic interests had inevitably allowed democratic freedom to scandalize certain officials suspected of such misdeed or crime against the nation

Asian American Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asian American - Essay Example Everything is available for everybody and there are no limits for personal freedom. In reality, it is â€Å"communism for rich and democracy for poor† (Notes). Moreover, it should be noted that in case racial bias did not exist in American context, there would be no questions, like what role Asian Americans play in the country or what the country does for these people. Therefore, it is obvious that even in the modern context and in the process of a democratization, there are worn out stereotypes of race. Western and Eastern societies have many differences between them. Cultural, religious and social norms have different meanings in the countries of these two continents. On the one hand, Asian Americans come across numerous challenges; they have to adjust to cultural traditions and religious beliefs of Americans, but on the other hand they should preserve their own national identities. Individual freedom propagated as the main value of American society contradicts to the main v alue of Asian Americans, such as respect to elders, family and community and not an individual. America takes care about its immigrants, and there are communities preserving national traditions of Asian Americans. ‘A sense of community’ is highly protected in America Asian Americans have contributed much to the development of the history of the country. Asian American live in compliance with the beliefs of their previous generations: in order to reach material possessions, there is a need to work hard. That is why America gains profits from this hardworking ethnical population of the country. These people have their distinct culture and they managed not to lose it in the democratic America. This country is not a prison for them; it is a geographical location for their ethnicity. Asian Americans unite a wide variety of nationalities. These are people from the Ural Mountains, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and many other ethnic groups from the Indian

Magnolia Therapeutic Solutions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Magnolia Therapeutic Solutions - Case Study Example Question 1 How could your decision be compared to the board’s decision? Why did you make this decision? What effect did organizational infrastructure and culture have on your decision? Definitely, I would not approve the budget. In the first place, I would find considerable support of my decision prior to my approval of it. There must be reliable references or supporting evidences needed in the first place in order to justify my decision. A budget needs to have substantial references or supporting facts in order not to have a shortfall or over calculation in the future. Thus, it should guide and even predict future actions or moves (Hutton & Phillips, 2009). In the case of Mary Stewart’s decision, she failed to consider the point that her assumption would be subjected to environmental factors. Being confident that the government would renew its grant given to Magnolia in 2001, Mary assumed that the budget in 2002 would be substantially higher as compared to that of the previous year. Furthermore, she also failed to consider the ailing economy and so was able to address the steeper demands with regard to the development department. This would incur additional cost which eventually led to having one third of her staff laid off; it had negative impact on the remaining staff and organization that could cause stagnation of the organization in years to come. With the kind of decision that I have taken, I could have probably saved one third of my staff. The point is I would not have focused on giving substantial budget for the development department. This has to be considered in the first place because overspending would not be the right approach, especially in a poor economic condition. My decision would remarkably maintain the potential teamwork at Magnolia because everyone would be encouraged to potentially use and maximize only what was available. Question 2 What do you think were the main causes behind the problems that Magnolia ultimately suffered? What would you have done differently to avoid those problems? In the first place, considering that Magnolia was not a profit organization, there was a clear evidence of poor financial management within the organization. This becomes clear when one looks at the way the budget was emancipated in 2002. Lack of financial knowledge was one of the main reasons. This eventually led to poor organizational structure, which also resulted in lacking the ability to handle financial resources in the best way possible. Furthermore, Mary was made assumptions without any reliable basis. In other words, Mary herself lacked managerial skills in handling the organization, particularly within the context of planning strategy. As reflected on how the planned budget in 2002 turned out, Mary simply was missing the point on how to efficiently handle the financial resources. If I were Mary, I should have hired a financial consultant who could give me professional advice on what to include in my budget plan for 2002. Furthermore, knowing this would help me to come up with good plans in the future. The point in here is that Mary’s organization was still moving forward closer to financial stability. In other words, this has to remain her critical area of consideration prior to displaying any ambitions as to other future plans. As for me, since the organization was already doing great in its service and became popular in its field, financial

655 Research outline and citations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

655 Research outline and citations - Assignment Example Moreover, they build one’s morale and the ability to work in a team boosting the leadership skills that the contemporary world so desire. As the societies are becoming litigious, it is important to integrate the aspect of ethics into the volunteer programs. The case will help to bolster an understanding toward the expectations of the communities. Besides, the level of ethics incorporated into the volunteer activities will accentuate the levels of open-mindedness, realism, and the extent of being informed. Further, the situation will guide professional development due interactions with many people from diverse settings (Samuel, Wolf & Schilling, 2013). In the contemporary arena, many people aspire to give back to their communities. Volunteering in a myriad of activities helps in the realization of this situation. The volunteer activities bring moments of happiness into the other people’s lives through helping them achieve what they desire (Angood, 2015). Similarly, long-term volunteer activities have lots of rewards to the doer as they satisfy their emotional and spiritual conceptions (Dekker, 2003). Moreover, the beneficiaries will have their social lives enhanced and a there will be a smile left after termination of the volunteer activities. The volunteers will have better social and relational skills, gain experience, build confidence, and retain their physical health (Jenkinson, 2013). Compounded in leadership, volunteerism should build on the principles such as; having a realization that missions motivate while maintenance does not. In this context, the organizations such as the ODNRA need to develop strong missions and mission statements that help and guide the volunteers in the execution of their duties and responsibilities (Volunteer Government, 2015). Also, as a leader, one should avoid falling prey to the trap of a generalist or a specialist. Contextually, the leader must have it in mind that the sole duty is to influence and not to

Ethics statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics statement - Essay Example If values of both religions are compared, it can be deduced that human life is sacred in both religions. The best way to care oneself is to follow the divine personal rules. For example, for me, adopting the natural life style would be the best way to serve oneself. In which, waking up in the early morning would be the best service to oneself. In this way, the personal life would be healthy and it would put positive effect on one’s health which is fundamental to successful personal life. This success will also enable the person to perform other duties. Care and respect are two fundamental values that must be demonstrated from the character and behaviour of the person. Through these behaviours, tranquillity and mutual respect will spread among people which will increase the social cohesion in the society. For example, showing respects for elderly is the most important virtue in which a system of social cohesion is promoted. Additionally, if one witnesses an accident in which a person is critically injured, it is his moral responsibility to call the relevant authority and look after the injured until the police or any other rescue team is not arrived. â€Å"Family values are important for us† (Parma, 2009. p. 29).Family norms should always be followed. For example, showing respect to mother and father and caring them in their old age are some of those family duties and responsibilities that must not be compromised under any condition.

Wk6(31) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wk6(31) - Essay Example A man received the promotion instead and he was less qualified than she was and had been at the job for less time. She felt she should have had the promotion but she was not sure what to do in the situation. Eventually, she quit the company and found a better job elsewhere. I asked her why she specifically left and she said it was because the company did not have the integrity she though tit had. The boss did not seem to want the best qualified person, but only another male in the position. She also felt that if she stayed in that position, she would never see an opportunity for promotion. In the beginning of the interview, I felt that talking to her and getting to know her a bit was my way of building rapport. Throughout the interview, I kept eye contact as best I could and I used attending and listening skills. The more I was attentive, the more information she gave. I could tell that this was still a sore subject with her b but she was willing to tell me about it. I believe that I showed empathy by generalizing what she was saying to me at certain points in the conversation to make sure that I understand what she was saying or feeling. I asked her about the anger she still felt and she said that although it happened a few years ago, she was still working through the anger. I did my best to be in the moment with Sandra. I agree with what Graybar and Leonard (2005) said about the counselor having to "enter the emotional world of another person" (p. 2). I asked a lot of questions for clarification because I felt they opened a stronger rapport with Sandra and allowed her to tell her story without having to explain every little detail to me. I did ask counselor/client questions. As an example, I asked her to identify the feelings about the loss of the promotion. I also asked her to define why she left the position and how this made her feel. I asked her to think deeply about this rather than saying the first thing that came to mind

Weekly essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Weekly - Essay Example As such, Roosevelt suspects culpability in the tradition of monetary culture whereby he holds prominent figures of trade as the ones responsible for the country’s failure to redress the unfavorable situations of American living in general. He specifically locates emphasis on the stubbornness, incompetence, and unscrupulous practice of the financial institutions at the time which brought about taxation imposed heavily, drastic lowering of income, unemployment, frozen means of exchange, industrial and agricultural conflicts, as well as ruined credits across the nation. Based on the overall thought and sentiment of the president’s speech, there occurs intent to summon forth concern and interest to realize how appalling the crises were which U.S. had been confronted by in the process of coping with major traumatic encounters. Roosevelt seems to encourage the citizens at depth to take a serious part in not just being critical toward such issues but for Americans to understand the purpose of inauguration remarks in the light that would engage them with the truth and deeds to sustain the goodness developed around this truth despite time and revolutionary changes in economy and

Obscenity and pornography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Obscenity and pornography - Essay Example For her, the court can discredit the victim’s rape allegation by â€Å"finding discrepancies in the victim’s story and assuming ulterior motives for reporting the assault†; for this the court can take into account such resources as the â€Å"official reports and records, typifications of rape-relevant behavior, and knowledge of the victim’s personal life and criminal connections† (Frohmann, 1991, p. 213). Thus, the prosecutor-victim complaint filling interview acts as a n integral part of the sexual case processing. Similarly, another major method employed by the legal system to discredit sexual assault cases is by analyzing the accusers mental health records and by offering the defendant an opportunity to prove his innocence. Cases are rejected once the court gets convinced that the victim does not have a good previous mental health record. This rape shield legislation plays a dominant role in sexual assault cases. Another widespread and common met hod employed by the legal systems to reject sexual assault cases is by identifying congruencies in the charges filed by police at arrest with the charge filed by the prosecutor. When there are such evident congruencies, the court can either reject sexual assault cases or discredit victims’ allegations of sexual assault. Therefore, one should bear in mind that mere allegations can easily be rejected by the courts in the case of sexual assaults. Frohmann, Lisa. ‘Discrediting Victims Allegations of Sexual Assault: Prosecutorial Accounts of Case Rejections’. Social Problems, Vol.38, No.2, May 1991. Retrieved 24 September 2010 from:

Natural Disasters Essay Example for Free

Natural Disasters Essay There is certain order in the world. The planets move in their orbit around the sun. The disasters which occur naturally are known as natural disasters. There are infinite natural disasters. Some of them are landslides, floods and volcanic eruptions. By taking the example of planets orbiting around the sun, the question rises that how do these devastating disasters occur? Floods occur in those areas which are closer to seas. Due to heavy rain, the sea water increases and spills out over the area with speed and destroying everything. Flash floods are another example of floods which occur suddenly. All the land and fertile soil is destroyed. Landslides occur in mountains. They occur by a number of reasons in which earthquake is the main reason. It causes the mountainous slopes to weaken the saturated soil which run down the hill and kills every thing in the way. It blocks the way for people to travel. Volcanoes are fractured structured located on the crust which fall within the mass of the definition of planet. The earth allows hot lava to escape from the magma which is below the surface. This occurs when the earths crust breaks in some major parts. Erupting volcanoes cause many hazards such as volcanic ash, which is a threat to aircraft, mainly in jet engines where ash particles are melted due to high temperature. This destroys the turbine blades. After a lot of research it is still not known how volcanic eruption can be prevented. Researchers have stopped looking for prevention of volcanic eruptions.Mans defences are too weak in comparison to nature. It is often expected that natural disasters are natures way of keeping human population in check. Are any of these disasters caused by man Man is not the cause of volacanic eruptions, but he plays a role in weather related disasters as floods. Everyone knows that weather is being affected by clearing of forests on earth. This is within our control. Hence some disasters can be controlled. All we have to do is to hope for a day to come when we could control all  natural disasters. Till then we have to remain at the mercy of nature.

Rising Powers And Global Balance Of Power

Rising Powers And Global Balance Of Power No one can forecast the future with certainty, though immediate future can be predicted with relative correctness based on contemporary realities, tendencies and realities. The cold war has ended. The US no longer faces the constant threat of aggression from its erstwhile adversary, the former USSR. Did someone ever forecast the demise of USSR, US emerging as the sole super power or the attack on the Twin Towers? Aggression grows in unsettled or disorderly times and explodes in power vacuum. The world is dynamic and so is the notion of power. Throughout history we can see the Balance of Power Concept in action. The states of Europe held each other in balance through the first 300 years of the modern state system. The clearest example of the balance of power concept can be found in the Cold War wherein two superpowers, the US and the USSR, held world balance between them. Both states sought to deter domination by the other through arms buildup and the creation of strong systems of all iances. Today power is distributed in a pattern that resembles a complex three dimensional chess game. On the top chess board, military power is largely unipolar, on the middle, economic power is multipolar, the bottom is the realm of transnational relations that cross borders outside the government control which includes non state actors. Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has been the sole super power in the world. No single state acted as effective counterweight to the US. However, some shifts have been witnessed recently due to globalization, market forces and operation of non state actors without regard for national boundaries and loyalties which has made the balancing phenomenon more complicated. Therefore, some recent studies in the field of International relations advocate that power politics including balancing of power has become obsolete and the theory of balance of power has lost its relevance. This phenomenon has raised a series of questions and just a few are:- a. Has the phenomenon of balance of power lost its relevance? b. Will the world be without any state in the global lead role? c. Is the world transforming to multipolarity? d. Are traditional measures and sources of power losing their relevance in the world? e. Are effects of globalization rendering the state borders and notion of sovereignty irrelevant? f. How are non state actors including VNSAs influencing the balance of power? g. Will the geo-economics really replace geo-politics? h. Will the current powers allow the shift in balance of power without violence? Scope Past and contemporary global order. Myths and realities of rising powers and global balance of power. Rising global trends in balance of power. Pakistan 2050, challenges and opportunities. Major conclusions and Recommendations for Pakistan HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF BALANCE OF POWER 4. Prehistoric and Medieval Periods. During the Period of the Warring States in China (403-221 BC), the development of large, cohesive states accompanied the creation of irrigation systems, bureaucracies, and large armies equipped with iron weapons. These Chinese states pursued power through a constantly shifting network of alliances. In ancient Greece during the Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BC), the rising power of Athens triggered the formation of a coalition of city-states that felt threatened by Athenian power. 5. Pre World Wars Period a. In the 17th century the Habsburg dynasty, which ruled Austria and Spain, threatened to dominate Europe. During the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), a coalition that included Sweden, England, France, and The Netherlands defeated the rulers of the Habsburg Empire. b. Early in the 19th century, Napoleon repeatedly made efforts to conquer large areas of Europe. A broad coalition of European states-including Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia-defeated France in a series of major battles that climaxed with Napoleons defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. c. The classical European balance of power system emerged thereafter in an alliance known as the Concert of Europe, organized in 1815 by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. This loose alliance between Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France ensured that a handful of great powers would coexist, with none able to dominate the others. Under this system, and with Britain playing a balancer role, peace largely prevailed in Europe during the 19th century. It is not an accident that the doctrine of the balance of power-alike in international and in domestic politics-received its classic and most rigorous statements at a time when foreign policy was largely a matter for rulers who could use the war potential of their states for their own aggrandizement. It was because a ruler had to be able to wage effective war that he had to be allowed the armed force that contributed to his domestic control. d. British reliance on a navy rather than on a standing army was important to the growth of British liberties-and later to American liberty. In a sense, therefore, the international balance of power was needed to check the pretensions of rulers who lacked any effective domestic check. The balance of power, however, although it may act to restrain the actions of those who believe in the doctrine, is in the first instance a device to restrain others. 6. Inter and Intra World Wars Period (1914-1945) a. When World War I broke out, although all parties made some effort to maintain or protect the balance of power (which, of course, they interpreted differently), none of them could argue that governments, or princes, were behaving in the way that one would expect. German apologists had to contend that Germany was surrounded by malevolent foes and that the survival of Germany was at stake. The allies had to contend not merely that Germany was too powerful for comfort, but that German militarism threatened a European civilization that would otherwise be peaceful. The argument, in short, could not be cast in terms of the balance of power. b. In order to contain German and its allies, a formidable alliance was formed in Europe. German threat was such that USA broke away with the centuries long stand of neutrality and joined the alliance against Germany. Status quo however, was maintained in Europe. Historians will long continue to debate the causes that finally brought the United States into the war. c. Same was the case in World War II, where, a status quo was required to be maintained and German advances were to be stopped, alliance on the lines of World War I was formed. The alliance completely decapacitated German led axis powers. In both the World Wars, the entry of the United States so quickly and completely tilted the balance of power in favor of the side it joined. Had the United States been regarded as an element in the balance; the wars in the form they took would never have broken out and it is here that the world saw the introduction of WMD. 7. Cold War Period a. It was well recognized that the United States and the Soviet Union were in direct and unique competition. The appalling consequences of nuclear war introduced a new kind of stability. The so-called balance of terror or balance of deterrence ensured that each nuclear power was anxious not to give the other power any sort of signal that would justify an attack, and was also anxious not to identify such a signal. This caution was compatible with, and even required, an arms race. b. The ideological struggle reflected the knowledge of both great powers that they contended in a fast-changing world; and the Cold War began to lose intensity, not when the protagonists decided to abandon it but when world circumstances changed and new elements began to contribute to the balance. c. It became almost conventional to speak in terms of a world of four poles-the United States, the Soviet Union, Europe and Japan. d. US led West used all means and opportunities to balance Soviet military power and kept on trying to contain Soviet Union. On the other hand Soviet Union formed an alliance with the opposite block countries to counter the US. Struggle of countering each power continued till the Soviet Union finally collapsed. With the subsequent disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States became incontrovertibly the worlds dominant power. 8. Post Cold War a. After the disintegration of Soviet Union, USA emerged as sole global power hence as per the ground realities, the entire world had to align its policies with the US. Without an apparent foe to challenge its security, the major question confronting U.S. foreign policy was what would succeed the Cold Wars bipolar balance of power. b. The issue among academics and political commentators was whether the United States should emphasize its dominant position as a unipolar global power, or seek a leading role in a tripolar or multipolar system. 9. Conclusions from Historical Perspective. In nut shell post cold war power balance is categorized by US unilateralism, Wests political, economic and social control to the extent that the situations symbolize with that of eighteenth and nineteenth centurys colonization. Striking conclusions of the post cold war power balance are as under:- a. The end of the Cold War in US and Europe and the ongoing integration of the European economies alongside attempts at greater political integration in the continent have given rise to a view that traditional concepts of security are no longer relevant. There is a powerful perception that the idea of the state and its sovereignty has been made irrelevant by processes that are taking place at both the global and local level. Concept of security has been widened to the extent that currently it includes everything under the sun. b. Concept of Balance of Power has also been changed from the known enemy threat to fear of unlimited unknowns. Interpretations of the balance has also been changed from balance among nation states to balance among civilizations and much beyond. c. Post cold war era reintroduces the phenomena of colonization with changed face of chaining the third world through economic, trade and technology transfer policies under the umbrella of IMF, world bank, various technological regimes and UN. MYTHS AND REALITIES OF RISING POWERS AND GLOBAL BALANCE OF POWER 10. Preamble: Balance of Power strategies amongst nations and regional and security alliances have been a recurrent and normal feature of global history. Power shifts when they take place generate corresponding responses in strategic jockeying by established powers to recreate new balance of power to ensure the continuance of the old established order. The present world order-characterized by an unprecedented number of democratic nations; a greater global prosperity, even with the current crisis, than the world has ever known; and a long peace among great powers-reflects American preferences, and was built and preserved by American power in all its political, economic, and military dimensions. The perception of US decline today is certainly understandable, given the dismal economic situation since 2008 and the nations large fiscal deficits, which, combined with the continuing growth of the Chinese, Indian, Brazilian, Turkish, and other economies, seem to portend a significant and irreversible shift in global economic power. Some of the pessimism is also due to the belief that the United States has lost favor, and therefore influence, in much of the world, because of its various responses to the attacks of September 11. The detainment facilities at Guantà ¡namo, the use of torture against suspected terrorists, and the widely condemned invasion of Iraq in 2003 have all tarnished the American brand and put a dent in Americas soft power-its ability to attract others to its point of view. With this broad perception of decline as the backdrop, every failure of the United States to get its way in the world tends to reinforce the impression. Powerful as this sense of decline may be, however, it deserves a more rigorous examination. Measuring changes in a nations relative power is a tricky business, but there are some basic indicators: the size and the influence of its economy relative to that of other powers; the magnitude of military power compared with that of potential adversaries; the degree of political influence it wields in the international system-all of which make up what the Chinese call comprehensive national power. Moreover, a great powers decline is the product of fundamental changes in the international distribution of various forms of power that usually occur over longer stretches of time. Great powers rarely decline suddenly. A war may bring them down, but even that is usually a symptom, and a culmination, of a longer process. After the brief overture we will now try to reconstruct the developments that are providing basis for the ongoing debates on the subject and also formulate basic definitions for the terms and phrases being used in this study. 11. Definitions Rising Power. Rising power is a national power having certain ingredients to threaten the status quo of global settings. Pedelford and Lincoln have described it as: Strength composed of economic, psychological, moral, military and political elements, successfully directed to the furtherance of national interests, co nstitute rising national power. In our opinion, this is by far the best definition of rising power in that it takes into consideration both classical and modern views regarding the sources of power and also touches on the objectives for which it is used. Rising power operates in international field in this sense. However, it should be noted that the concept of rising power is Relative, Conditional and Situational. Relativity of Rising Power. It is relative in that it has no absolute dimension. Power is rated by the effect it can bring about. State A may be powerful vis-à  -vis B but can at the same time be weaker than C. For instance, India is stronger than Brazil but at the same time weaker than China in terms of economic might. Conditional. Rising power is conditional in that it depends on variety of factors, the exact role of which is difficult to assess. States A and B may have equal resources, military strength etc yet they may differ in effective power. A strong sentiment of Nationalism, for instance, in State A may inspire popular support to government action and policies and may prepare the people for greater sacrifices. This is bound to add to As power. If any such sentiment is totally absent in State B and the nation is torn by intense internal dissentions, this may make it weaker vis-à  -vis A despite its equal or even superior resources and military preparedness. India and Brazil are cases in point. Situational. Rising power is situational in the sense that it depends on specific international situation. Despite unchanged condition of resources and military might of both, the power equation between States A and B may change because of changed international situation. B may at once become powerful vis-à  -vis A because of some favourable turn in the international situation. Development of friendly relations between America and India and the formation of an unwritten alliance between US, India and Israel has affected China and Pakistan equation with her neighbours. 12. Shift in Global Balance of Power A Myth or Reality The global shift of power to Asia and the global strategic dominance of the United States has been the subject of discussion since many years. Main theme of the debates and discussion is that whether United States power is in absolute decline or relative decline. Either way, with the global shift of power to Asia what would inevitably follow is that the global balance of power would also be acquiring newer contours. The shape of the global order is largely a function of the prevailing balance of power. As discussed earlier, since 1945, this global order has been dominated by the United States, a question arises that will the relative U.S. decline and the rise of the rest lead to the decaying of this established order? The international system is both complex and contradictory at the same time. The world being dynamic, predictions and forecasts tend to be subjective than objective. Nobody predicted at least not out loud- the fall of the Berlin Wall, Japans loss of influence, the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001, the upsurge in Islamic fundamentalism, Arab Spring and the meteoric rise of the oil prices. Without wishing to predict the future, and instead taking the current situation as a starting point, the international system is characterized by three general tendencies. a. A new international order which is both uni and multi-polar at the same time. b. The rise of Asia (China) which will come to dominate the 21st century in the economic dimensions of world order. c. The (re)enforcing of the religion. 13. New Uni and Multi-Polar International Order a. Moving Towards Geo-Economics. During the Cold War, international system was differentiated by the ideological confrontation between two superpowers. In the early stage of the post Cold War, the tripartite world dominated by Europe, the USA and Japan characterized the environment. The current constellation of global forces and alliances is much less clear than it was in the two previous stages. In this third stage, a world order which is multi-polar and uni-polar at the same time is taking shape. It amounts to an a la carte menu which makes room for both old and new powers as well as old and new alliances. The world is uni-polar in the military and political spheres on account of the clear domination of USA, and multi-polar in all other facets of international relations. The upcoming world economies of the BRICS-countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South-Africa) up to now seem to follow an approach of pursuing geo-economics while avoiding to reopen the existing conflicts, at least for the time being. China is following a comprehensive approach towards national power. India is also pursuing geo economics while simultaneously modernizing its military might for a more dominant and perceived global role. Other countries and alliances/blocks also follow to varying extent different models to modernize their economies. Sanjaya Baru puts it: Indias economic opening up in 1991 created the basis for Indias re-integration with not just the global economy but also its own wider Asian neighborhood. That was the geopolitical and strategic consequence of Indias improved economic performance and greater openness since 1991. Indias Look East and Look West policies were logical consequences of her re-integration into the global economy. The geo-economic and geopolitical consequences of the reforms of 1991 were not an accident. They were well understood at the time based on an analysis of what had happened to the closed Soviet and Soviet-style economies in the 1970s and especially 1980s, and the open economies of east Asia, including Dengist China.  [1]   b. Contemporary Political Order-Future Trajectories. No phenomenon dominates the current global political landscape more than the USA being the sole Super Power. The US is currently the only country that has the military might that influences global affairs and deploys military power across the globe. However, there are other power centers such as China, EU and Russia. NATO also figures out at this power calculus. Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Republic in 1990, the erstwhile Cold War ensured a balance of power which greatly stabilized the global political landscape. In contrast however, the current uni-polarism has presented attendant consequences for the world. This has been seen in unprecedented anti US sentiment around the globe. Conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan and the US- Iran debacle therefore reflect a current global political system which is becoming increasingly unstable partly due to US unilateralism. 14. The New Hierarchy of International States Although there are many other players in the globalised world multinational companies, the churches, and social movements amongst them nation states continue to determine the pecking order of international power. The European Union (EU) is no exception to this. Its principle springboard into the international arena is economic, both diplomatic and military spheres remaining the prerogative of member states. Its failure to present itself to the world as a body which acts and speaks with one voice, means that the European model of using integration as an instrument for international influence has not succeeded in establishing itself as an alternative to the nation state. When considering the international state hierarchy, various terms continue to co-exist which have not been clearly defined: (1) superpower (USA), (2) global power or great global power (China, India, Russia), (3) emerging powers (Brazil, Russia, India, China, BRIC), (4) medium sized powers (Brazil, Canada, South Africa and others), (5) regional power (several), (6) smaller powers (Luxemburg or Haiti, for example). a. Superpower and Global/ great power. When considering the international state hierarchy, various terms continue to co-exist which have not been clearly defined. To belong to the category of Super Power like USA or global/ great power like China, India and Russia. Besides quantifiable statistics, two components which are more difficult to evaluate are prerequisites: first of all, an efficient diplomacy and foreign policy capable of projecting power and, secondly, the perception and/or recognition of that status of power by third party countries. In line with these criteria, the following quantifiable data allow us to single out a number of influential countries by size, economic weight, growth, military capacity or their contribution to the international system. Apart from these criteria, there are other factors which allow us to reassess certain countries in the international hierarchy: above all, the demand for energy, which justifies the international importance of Iran, Iraq and even Russia in the international system. To a large extent, oil also explains Middle Eastern countries strategic position in international politics. After all, a third of all black gold is produced in Arab states. Another criteria is a countrys technological level, something which explains, amongst other things, Chinas economic success (electronics industry) and also Indias (software). Another more recent element is the use of religion as a political instrument, justifying the international relevance which countries like Israel, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan have acquired in recent years. b. Emerging Powers, Medium Size/Regional and Smaller Powers. In terms of quantifiable data, China tops the list along with India and Brazil, in the hierarchy of international power. Other countries (like Mexico, Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia or South Africa) are on the waiting list or in the second row. Amongst these, it is worth distinguishing between soft powers and hard powers, depending on the resources, military, economic, diplomatic or cultural. In line with this, apart from the so-called BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) whose basis is economic, other emerging powers with global influence can be identified: in terms of hard, or military power, Pakistan (nuclear power) and Iran (potential nuclear power), in terms of economic weight, Mexico and South Africa and, for reasons of population, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nigeria also feature. 15. Emerging Blocks. It is commonly perceived that some emerging blocks and regional alliances like SCO, ASEAN and BRICS respectively will gradually transform the existing power balance in the future. a. Shanghai Cooperation Organization SCO. SCO was originally founded to counter terrorism and separatism on its member states territory. The security interests of the organization are now increasingly complemented by economic and trade issues. The bloc is expected to counter US influence in areas including Chinese neighborhood and Russias near abroad. b. Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). An acronym for the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa combined. The general consensus is that the term was first prominently used in a Goldman Sachs report from 2003, which speculated that by 2050 these five economies would be wealthier than most of the current major economic powers. The BRICS thesis posits that China and India will become the worlds dominant suppliers of manufactured goods and services, respectively, while Brazil and Russia will become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials. It is important to note that the Goldman Sachs thesis isnt that these countries are a political alliance (like the European Union) or a formal trading association but they have the potential to form a powerful economic bloc. BRICS is now also used as a more generic marketing term to refer to these four emerging economies. 16. Regionalism. The study of regions, regionalism, regionalization, regional governance, regional integration, regional cooperation and other proximate terms have burgeoned since the 1990s, along with the real world emergence of the so called new regionalism in that period. Major regional forums include the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Organization of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to count few of them. Regionalism appears to be growing rapidly. Regionalism in fact is a byproduct of globalization, yet, it offers a collective response to the coercive dimensions of globalization. Therefore, the political unanimity of thought against countries of a particular regional organization such as ASEAN, would not be easy to muster when seen in the backdrop of such coercion if applied against a country which is not part of any such regional dispensation. The core regions are politically stable and economic ally dynamic. They organize for the sake of being better able to control the rest of the world, the world outside their own region. The intermediate regions are closely linked to the core regions. They will be incorporated as soon as they conform to the criterion of core-ness, that is, economic development and political stability. The peripheral regions, in contrast, are politically turbulent and economically stagnant. Consequently they must organize in order to arrest a process of marginalization. Their regional arrangements are at the same time fragile and ineffective. Their overall situation makes security regionalism and developmental regionalism more important than the creation of free trade regimes. They are necessarily more introverted. The core regions are those regions which are politically capable, no matter whether such capability is expressed in the form of a political organization or not. So far only one of the three core regions, namely Europe, aspires to build such an organization. The other two, that is North America and East Asia, are both economically strong, but so far they lack a regional political order. Structurally close to core are the intermediate regions, all in preparation for being incorporated in the core, the speed depending on their good, core-like, behaviour. They are:- a. Central Europe, obediently waiting first in line for membership in the European Union. b. Latin America and the Caribbean, in the process of becoming North Americanized. c. China, South-East Asia and the European Pacific, or Oceania (Australia, New Zealand), all now being drawn by Chinese and Japanese capital into the East Asia economic space. 17. Remaining in the periphery are thus the following five regions:- a. The post-Soviet area, the major parts of it now in the process of being reintegrated in the form of Commonwealth of Independent States (perhaps laying the ground for a future core region). b. The Balkans, where the countries have lost whatever little tradition of cooperation they once might have been involved in. c. The Middle East, a region defined from outside and with a most unsettled regional structure. d. South Asia, with a very low level of regionness, because of the cold war (sometimes getting hot) between the two major powers, India and Pakistan. e. Finally, Africa, where in many countries the political structures called states are falling apart. 19. Major indicators. By 2025, According to an International Futures model measuring GDP, defense spending, population, and technology for individual states, the relative political and economic clout of many countries will shift. The United States however, will find itself in the position of being one of a number of important actors on the world stage, albeit still the most powerful one. The relationship between achievements in science and technology and economic growth will be one of the leading factors of the US power. As per National Innovation System (NIS) contracted global survey of scientific experts, the United States currently boasts a stronger innovation system than the developing economies. Main indicators and determents of the major powers in 2025 Country Population GDP Economy Military Spending USA China 6.8 India 6.2 Russia Graphically the data could be depicted as International Organizations, 2020-2025 (%/year) 21. Analysis. Five very different countries: China, India, Brazil, Russia and South Africa are emerging. The shape of the global order is largely a function of the prevailing global power balance. Nevertheless, there are three conditions that could lead to the end of this liberal international order. a. Though it is possible that another hegemon would rise at some point, this is unlikely to happen at least in the next two decades. We have had two dramatic transitions in the global system in the last century, but both happened as a consequence of the collapse of major powers. The end of the Second World War saw the demise of not just Germany and Japan but many European great powers, leaving a bipolar order dominated by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 converted that bipolar system into a unipolar one. While there are plenty of predictions of other great powers rising, there are none that suggest the U.S. will collapse. And short of that, what we are likely to witness are gradual rather than dramatic changes in the balance of power, and these will take a lot longer than two decades. Hence, the possibility of a new global order framed by another global hegemon is not very likely in the immediate future. b. The second possibility, more probable than the first, is the rise of several new powers such as China, Russia, Brazil, India, South Korea who are growing strong enough to share the stage with proportional strength with the U.S., even if they do not necessarily match the U.S. Such a multipolar order could gradually erode the current international liberal order. But this will not be because these powers do not share the norms of the curre

Hip Hops Effect On Youth In Lagos

Hip Hops Effect On Youth In Lagos Music is the art of organizing tones in a coherent sequenceso as to produce a unified and continuous composition. Vocal or instrumental sounds possessing rhythm, melody, and harmony.The American Heritage dictionary. Music is a kind of counting performed by the mind without knowing that it is counting, The Monadology (1714) A method of employing the mind without the labour of thinking at all.Samuel Johnson, quoted by Boswell, Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides(1785). Music is work.John Cage, Empty Words (1980)A piece of music is simply a chunk of time you are paying attention to withyour ears.Barney Childs, quote in Ewen, American Composers (1982) According to Tafui ,Hip Hop is a cultural movement expressed through the traditional elements of deejaying , emceeing, various forms of dance (breaking, popping, locking) and writing (graffiti art). As a culture, hip hop represents other aspects of culture as well such as language, style of dress, politics. Marcus.P Hip hop is life.marcus parker. Hip hop music is a culture which break dancing ,graffiti writing , DJing, rapping singing and fashion is used as a means to express freedom from oppressive social conditions. Hip hop music was formed from human transcendence as a result of the creative instinct by African Americans as a result of social oppression on the African American, Latin American and afro Caribbean 1970s communities in New York city. A famous DJ at the time DJAfrika Bambaataa defined that defined the five pillars of hip hop culture: MCing, DJing, breaking, graffiti writing, and knowledge. Other elements include beat boxing, hip hop fashion, and slang. Since first Since first emerging in the Bronx, the lifestyle of hip hop culture has spread around the world. Robert M, Sr. When hip hop music began to emerge, it was based around disc jockeys who created rhythmic beats by looping breaks (small portions of songs emphasizing a percussive pattern) on two turntables, which is now more commonly referred to as sampling. This was later accompanied by rapping and beat boxing. Garofalo.R. An original style of dancing and particular styles of dress arose among followers of this new music. These elements experienced considerable refinement and development over the course of the history of the cultureRobert M, Sr. One of these refinements was the birth of Gangsta rap.According to Marcus.P Gangsta rap is a type of hip hop which focuses mainly on the negative aspects of inner city life. The lyrics often glorify criminal activity and degrade women. This genre of hip-hop has been a source of tremendous controversy and is often cited as the cause of the increase in violence. This is particularly true amongst black youth. According to federal statistics cited by the Charlottesville Daily Progress, homicide is the leading cause of death for black men between the ages of 15 and 34.Many gangsta hip-hop artists justify their music by claiming they are only retelling the experiences of their lives on the streets. However, close analysis of the song lyrics often reveals a plethora of curse words and no substance. According to commentators such as those found on Urban Dictionary.com, many artists have been forced to create artificial gangsta images for the sake of a lucrative career. Many young people idolize these artists and imitate their behavior. Joanna White-Oldham. This ongoing fever for hip hop music amongst the youth began to spread over the globe to other countries like China, Canada, and the United kindom and other parts of Africa. Hip hop music arrived in Cuba via radio and TV broadcasts from Miami. During the 1980s hip hop culture in Cuba was mainly centred around breakdancing Fairley J .Initially hip hop was criticized not just by the government, but by many in the community as well. With raperos emulating US rappers aggressive posturing and lyrical content, hip hop was seen as just another cultural invasion from the US, bringing with it the violence and problems of the ghettos. Fairley J. Cuban rappers attacked social and political issues concerning Cuba such as racism, class struggles and police harassment etc. But as pressure for commercial success increases, many of the grass roots artists do not understand the recent change of rapping about partying, cars, and women . Pacini.H, Deborah and Garofalo.R . Hip-hop in the United States started out as a voice of protest, an alternative voice for urban, inner-city youth to voice their grievances, to talk about their living conditions, their hopes and aspiratio ns, said Abiodun, a member of the Black Liberation Party before fleeing to Cuba 14 years ago as a U.S. fugitive facing racketeering charges. Nancy D. But now what we see in terms of rap in the United States, for the most part, its really not talking about anything. Also according to Baker, Geoffrey 2005,many criticize the objectification of females in the dancing and in videos. Some see it as dominant if the women dance in front of the men in a doggy style position, but critics see it as a way of letting the male take initial control over the female. Also many argue that the females in those music videos are objectifying themselves to seem lower than men. Wunderlich, Annelise 2006 . According to B.Geoffrey Music videos are becoming more explicit. To gain a following of their music, Cuban hip hop artists are continuously using provocatively dressed females. This sexual image in their videos is taking away from the audiences ability to actually listen to the lyrics and understand them. The lyrics being addressed recently by Cuban hip hop artists stand as a rebellion against the many downfalls, such as poverty and racism, that their nation is currently fighting Baker, Geoffrey.Sexually-charged dancing (like grinding and doggy style) often associated with hip-hop, are not the only things criticized. In recent years, Hip-hop has merged with Cuban culture to the point it can be heard in parades, school dances, and clubs. This has given rise to the problem of children, 16 or younger, hearing and singing the lyrics found in Cuban hip-hopwhich often make reference to sexual activities. ^ Baker, Geoffrey. 2006. According to Chris Kehinde Nwandu , Hip hop in Nigeria dates back to the late eighties and early nineties. Groups and solo artists during that period include the likes of Junior Pretty, Daniel ,Danny Wilson , Plantashun Boyz , Remedies with members Eedris Abdulkareem , Eddy Remedy Tony Tetuila. It is estimated that 80-percent of urban youth can be reached through Hip-Hop, which encompasses rap, graffiti, dancing and fashionThe late 90s and the 2000s saw a remarkable increase of artists and groups like Eldee da Don of Freestyle , Ikechuku, JJC and the 419 squad , Dbanj and P-Square became a part of mainstream Nigerian music after the collapse of pop trends like Yo-pop . The availability of computers and cheap music editing software in the late 1990s and the 2000s enabled Nigerian musicians to achieve higher quality recordings, which quickly won over the Nigerian audience. As Nigerias Nollywood movies have done to Western movies, Nigerian hip hop has begun to displace Western popular music. Nwandu k. As the Great Music Debate (launched by The GuardianLIFE in the aftermath of the wide and wild debate generated by the article, A Nations Identity Crisis of renowned columnist and public commentator, Dr Reuben Abati in his column, CrossRoads in The Guardian on Sunday, June 21), en ters its third week, some Nigerian artistes have expressed their opinion on the lyrical contents of Nigerian hip-hop songs. Though with different responses, yet, a good number of them contend that despite the fame and wealth that some of the artistes have been amassing through their works, many of the songs ruling the airwaves or the public entertainment circuit, are deficient in quality lyrics; and have have little or no lesson for the listeners. Chris Kehinde Nwandu. The GuardianLIFE sent email and sms messages to a collection of the artistes including Djinee, Ruggedman, Dare Art Alade, TY Bello, NoMoreLoss, J.Martins, IlBliss, Ashioye Ugbo, PSquare, Timi Dakolo, Keffee among others. Out of the list of about 20, however, only a few responded and their views were recorded as follows:Popularly known for his song, No Vernacular, Lagos Jump, Omo Wale among others, the dreadlocks-wearing half-German quizzes, how can you have fuel shortage, bad roads, Niger Delta crisis, children being accused of sorcery in the South-South, Haliburton scandals and you are busy talking Moet, girls and blingz? BY CHUKS NWANNE. According the new talk of the town, Bracket , The lyrics of Nigerian musicians are in reality is more real than fiction because they reflect the day to day experience of the artistes.I, Lara George, an ex member of the famous KUSH states, Our lyrics as Nigerian musicians need to be improved upon and not destroyed. Instead of looking for monetary sa tisfaction that could be destructive and then building NGOs to fix the damage done; we need to use our music to leave a legacy that will help improve the way we are viewed by the rest of the world. Lara, who is no doubt one of the best female vocalists in the country for now, adds, We need to perpetuate solid values in our own environment and grow the psyche of the man on the street in a positive way. She won the Best Female Vocalist at the Nigerian Music Award in Owerri, Imo State. Her songs such as Ijoba Orun, Rest Of My Life and others made noticeable impact in the music scene. CHUKS NWANNE. In an atempt to defend todays music Etcetera Ejikeme said: At moment, you can broadly classify Nigerian artistes into two; what Ill call the mainstream and the alternative. For most of the mainstream artistes, lyrics are the last thing on their minds; basically they just want to make anything that the youth can dance to. The only challenge is that we all dont dance 24/7. So, its within those quiet moments, when you reflect on the lyrics of a song youve been dancing to for months that you suddenly realise how totally hollow and sometimes senseless it is. Ectcetera also added on the Babaekos Xtreme Music that: For the alternative youth, these are serious musicians, who understand that a lot of craftsmanship must go into making a piece of music. They generally have more profound lyrics that grab the imagination of the listeners. The good news however is that the Nigerian music listeners are very sophisticated they are beginning to ask probing questions, demanding for quality music. This is the point where real musicians will be separated from charlatans. All the way from the US, Emma Agu, one of the founding members of Performing Musicians Employers Association of Nigeria, PMAN, acknowledged the rapid growth of the countrys music industry, but faulted the lyrics of some of the artistes. Chris Kehinde Nwandu. There is a remarkable improvement in the audio and video presentation, but the industry still has a long way to go, when it comes to the lyrical contents of the vibes; majority of these boys are churning out. Did you hear Tu-Faces Its time to have sex? I think that was disgusting! Time and time again, I try to make out what some of these hip-pop guys are saying; I barely could catch a word out of their vibes. Most of their lyrics do not make sense.BY CHUKS NWANNE Days are gone when you go to a nite clubs and dance to American beats from dusk till dawn without complaining. Those days of Shaba Ranks, Patra, Buster Rhymes, Chakademus Pliers, 2Pac, Shagyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ these artist ruled the countrys music industry for long, and we had no option than to love them. No option! Those days, it was like a taboo to play a Nigerian song or video on air. A radio station was even so audacious as to decree that no Nigerian music except Fela will grace its air.CHUKS NWANNE . Nowadays things have changed as the Nigerian music is being heard more than even the foreign ones. The Nigerian acts have grown so big that even the foreign musician coolaborate with them to to make new music. Hip-hop has also become an effective tool to communicate with youth under siege, using the language they understand. Social consciousness hip-hop workers have used the microphone and their message to speak to the youth about crime, drugs and have conducted workshops in town halls addressing the youth about the dangers of dangerous living.Marcus P. But critically studied, much of the music coming from the artistes these days, especially the male folks, is shallow and meaningless in lyrical content, beats and composition. If the singers are not rasping about sex or some other lewd subjects; it will be about how many women they have bedded or dated or jilted; or about 419 and related issues; or what they call beefing (abusing perceived enemies). Once an artiste sings about money, everybody follows. Then another sings about sex, and the rest will file in. The beefing has in fact become an industry, much in the light of the eighies rash of abusive songs by the Fuji musicians, who now in their late 60s and burnished with the wisdom that comes with old age (?) must be regretting those dirty words they were trading with their opponents on the scene then. Kuti.S . The President of Professional Musicians Association of Nigeria, Agu admits however, I hear good music from Nigeria; well produced music, beautiful vocals with good melody, fantastic bass line, distinct snare drum, hi-hat and trebling kicks, good harmony, nicely mixed and mastered, but lyrically empty.Hip-hop has gone beyond being just about music, but has actually become a brand, a lifestyle and an urban culture that almost everybody aspires to be associated with even big corporate. It is on this note that inevitably the rapper is now more than a musician but has become an entrepreneur that utilizes his or her craft to sell global brands of big corporations. Rappers are trendsetters; where they lead others follow. They can revitalize a luxury brand by making it seem youthful and individualistic. It is estimated that 80-percent of urban youth in lagos can be reached through Hip-Hop, which encompasses rap, graffiti, dancing and fashion The Guardian Life magazine. According to Murray Forman, professor of media studies at Northeastern University in Boston. To say there is no influence and no effect by hip hop music is naÃÆ' ¯ve. . REFRENCE Basu.D , Sidney J, Wunderlich, (2006) Cuban Hip-hop: Making Space for New Voices of Dissent. In The Vinyl Aint Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press, Pacini.H, Deborah and Garofalo.R, 2004.The emergence of Rap Cubano: An historical perspective. .BurlingtonVt. Ashgate press. Wunderlich, Annelise: Cuban Hip-hop: Making Space for New Voices of Dissent, The Vinyl Aint Final: Hip Hop a2006 Pluto Press Basu, D and Lemelle.S 2006 ,the Globalization of Black Popular Culture London: Pluto Pres page 168. Pacini.H, Deborah and Garofalo.R. 2004. The emergence of rap Cubano: An historicalperspective. In Music, Space, and Place, Ashgate, .press WEBSITES http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCHYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1HYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1pg=PA276HYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1HYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1lpg=PA276HYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1HYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webo ts=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubaHYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1HYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1source=webHYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1HYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1ots=y44TtRgw_4HYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1HYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg =PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2w#PPA277,M1 22nd November 2009 http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/hln.hot.hit.cuban.hip.hop.htm 23rd November 2009 https://moodle.brandeis.edu/file.php/3404/pdfs/baker-hip-hop-revolucion.pdf 22 nd November 2009 http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/04/entertainment/main647330.shtml 22 nd November 2009 CNN.com Cuban hip-hop: The rebellion within the revolution Nov. 25, 2002 20th November 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_hip_hop 23 rd November 2009 http://www.africanhiphop.com/africanhiphopradio/naija-nigerian-80s-rap-on-vinyl/ 23 rd November 2009 http://theguardianlifemagazine.blogspot.com/2009/08/great-music-debate-3-hip-hop-in-eyes-of.html 23 rd November 2009 http://daniellamaison.blogspot.com/ 23rd November 2009 http://www.naijajams.com/thoughts-on-the-nigerian-hip-hop-scene-part-1 23rd November 2009 http://allafrica.com/stories/200911270165.html 25th November 2009 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_26_98/ai_68018839/ 25th November 2009 http://fulbright.mtvu.com/melissaadams/2009/11/13/why-hip-hop/ 24th November 2009 http://www.city-journal.org/html/13_3_how_hip_hop.html 24th November 2009 https://www.youthmesh.org/wiki/index.php/Nigeria 24th November 2009 http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=110966339114 23rd November 2009

Essay --

As millions of fashion shows are occurring at the moment all over the world, models start to get ready for the big show by purging themselves to be as thin as possible. Large quantities of models starve themselves in order to attain the desirable look that is accepted within our society. This problem becomes so addictive to young females and models who are pressured by the industry to stay thin, that it develops a second nature habit for them to question and dislike their body image constantly. The fashion industry and the media affects numerous of young girls, women and models with body image issues physically, and psychologically. The constant blast of young women with images of size of zero models puts their health and mind in danger. Throughout history, fashion has been around as long as we can think of. Fashion moves along with clothing and time mixing the simple everyday wearing into broader contexts. It influences the most diversified aspects including the human perception. The global perception of beauty has been severely wrapped by the influence of the fashion industry and the media. The standard of female beauty is often difficult to obtain and unrealistic. Women all over the world follow the influences of what the fashion industry enforces on them that further leads to eating disorders. The causes of eating disorders are indefinite and complicated; they contain components such as personal issues, genetics, traumatic events or bullying, "but the final piece of the jigsaw is the social context," said Susan Ringwood, the chief executive of† Beat†, an organization that deals with eating disorders† (Bawdon). Eating disorder is a general term used to identify a range of eating issues such as anorexia nervosa and b... ...evision shows by taking serious circumstances. They also give the impression that they will have better and more promising lives now if they are capable to match the level of attraction that the media has set as the standard of beauty. As a result, both girls and women who are intrigued by these shows become less satisfied with the way they look. The images and messages that target on the ideals of beauty for females has a substantial negative effect on body satisfaction, mental stability, eating habits, and the overall well-being of young women. The glamorization of the fashion industry and the media causes the deterioration of young women’s own unique reflection of themselves. As a result, they contribute to the expansion and development of eating disorders, depression, and low self-esteem by physically and psychologically affecting millions of young women.

Death Penalty - Catholics and Capital Punishment :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Catholics and Capital Punishment Catholic opponents of the death penalty sometimes seem to lose sight of the primary purpose of punishment. The Catechism of the Catholic Church says, "Punishment has the primary aim of redressing the disorder introduced by the offense." If I commit a serious offense against society, I bring about a disorder, and the point of punishment is to reestablish the lost order. If I willingly accept my punishment, "it assumes the value of expiation." And it can protect you from future crimes I might commit. The Catechism thus gives three purposes of punishment: defending public order, protecting people, and moral change in the criminal. Paragraph 2267 reminds us that "the traditional teaching of the church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty" but then adds, "if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor." This appears to make a secondary purpose of punishment override the primary. That appearance has led to some fuzzy thinking. The correct meaning must be that the primary aim of punishment can be achieved short of exacting the death penalty. A single means-say, life imprisonment-restores the order lost by the crime, protects society against future crimes of the incarcerated, and gives the prisoner a chance to repent. The paragraph should not be read as making the protection of society trump everything else. Why? Because imprisonment protects society against future possible crimes. But the criminal cannot be punished for what he might do; he is in prison because of what he has already done. If life imprisonment is to serve the primary purpose of punishment, it must, like the death penalty, be primarily justified as sufficiently "redressing the disorder introduced by the offense." Paragraph 2267 is concerned exclusively with a secondary purpose of punishment: protecting society. Unless, as suggested, "protecting society" be taken to comprehend "redressing the disorder." (Paragraph 2266 distinguishes "defending public order" from "protecting people's safety.") One sometimes hears in the clamor to end the death penalty that retribution is no longer the aim of punishment. But if there is no cause for retribution, punishment is unjust: All that would excuse it is the fear that someone might in the future harm us and that solitude might better his soul. Enthusiasm sometimes obscures the fact that the Catechism "does not exclude recourse to the death penalty." However rare such recourse might be, even if it were only once in a millennium, it would have to be justified.

Witchcraft And Effects On Lite :: essays research papers

Witchcraft is a phenomenon that has captured the minds of millions since the beginning of history. These so-called witches have caused fear, hatred, interest, widespread panic, and a variety of other emotions in other people from all over the world. Every society and civilization on this planet have all some form of witchcraft in their history. Witchcraft itself has a deep history of its own causing it to be recognized in literature and modern society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, witchcraft has a very fascinating history, which is fairly important to discuss. Because much of its history is shrouded in superstition and has not properly been recorded, its exact history is hard to explain. It is easier to see witchcraft as a mindset or belief than an organized institution. According to Montague Summers, 'witches can be described as heretics and anarchists,'; most of which follow the chief of demons, also known as the Devil. Obviously Mr. Summers, along with many other people, takes a pessimistic view towards the realm of witchcraft. Among these anti-witch enthusiasts was Henry VIII, who was the first king of England to pass Statute against the practice of witchcraft. Many kings who ruled after Henry VIII also created statutes against witchcraft. James I made one in 1604, which was repealed over a century later in 1736. Throughout the centuries in England, strict laws and numerous trials were held against suspected witches. Some of the more notable trials include the Chelmsford trials in 1566, 1579, and 1589, the trials in Lancashire in 1612, and the Staffordshire trials in 1597. Some cases even tried people posing as witches like Thomas Darling, John Smith, and William Perry. Many books had been written at the time about the subject of witchcraft like Demonology, Discovery of Witches, Discovery of Witchcraft, and Dr. Lamb's Darling. (Wysiwyg://7/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2962/witchcraze/time_england.html)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, witchcraft is recognized around the world through its appearance in literature. Many well-known examples of a wide variety of witches can be found throughout literature. Many of these literary works include The Wizard of Oz, which not only has one witch but two: Glenda the Good Witch and The Wicked Witch of the West. These two witches seem to represent some of the many views of witches. Glenda takes on the view of a fairy godmother, a type of witch that only has good intentions and poses no harm to anyone. But, wicked witch poses as the stereotypical halloweenish view of a witch: an old, ugly, ill-hearted, broomstick riding, spell-casting, evil, maniacal woman.

How the war manifests within the films Essay

In her writing, Karen Randell develops an open outlook amongst the views of two films, â€Å"Night of the Living Dead† and â€Å"Deathdream†(Randell 67). These two zombie films dedicated a lot to the 1960s Vietnam war perspective on the dead and missing and how that issue wasn’t being addressed by war films during the time (Randell 67). Randell imposes how the war manifests within the films itself by providing a referentiality that is significant to the trauma of the war (Randell 68). This reference pertains to the how soldiers don’t return home and are considered â€Å"Lost bodies/Lost souls† (Randell 68). Controversial issues at the time were major (Randell 70-2). The late 1960s, early 1970s, was a period where the two films and the war met at its peak (Randell 72). Issues such as the â€Å"Vietnam syndrome† became a huge topic (Randell 72). This was a syndrome found in returning soldiers due to restlessness, depression, and rage (Randell 7 2). With the anti-war movement flowing in society, and all other impacts due to the war, the films expose real anxieties that were present during that period. (Randell 67). George Romero’s Night of the living dead, a prototypical zombie movie, gave great context into the mourning of the dead from Vietnam (Randell 68). The movie was made on a shoestring budget, shot on leftover film. (Randell 67-71). However, it greatly succeeded and is one of the most successful independent films of all time (Randell 71-2). The â€Å"Realm of the Undead† or â€Å"Zombie world† are both ways to classify the setting of this film (Randell 68). As characters are stuck in a surrounded zombie land, it sparks the horror that we see in any zombie movie today (Randell 70). The film resonates fear from the audience, being that the time period portrayed a high rate of soldiers who didn’t return home (Randell 69). Between 1968 and 1973 there were over 2500 American soldiers listed as MIA (missing in action) or POW (prisoners of war). There were also over 58,000 dead soldiers (Randell 67-9). It is very traumatic as a viewer to watch something like this si mply because it adds to the realism of the movie (Randell 68 -72). Even the language used in the film correlates with Vietnam. Night of the Living Dead refers to the mission of killing zombies as â€Å"Search and destroy†, which was a big Vietnam War military strategy (Randell 71). The film certainly establishes an uncomfortable presence for society (Randell 72). As we look at the film Deathdream, the message is very much explicit as opposed to the implicit message in Romero’s film (Randell 73). The main character â€Å"Andy† is a veteran who supposedly died in Vietnam and came back to haunt his family and the neighborhood as a zombie (Randell 73). Realism plays a tremendous role in this movie (Randell 72). 1972, when it released, was a period where news about returning veterans and the development of â€Å"Vietnam Syndrome† was huge (Randell 72). The movie just adds to it.(Randell 74). It essentially provides a display in which serves as â€Å"A dark satire of the shell-shocked veteran† (Randell 74). To conclude, Randell confirms thoughts on how the real issues in society can very truly be displayed even in today’s society through horror and fantasy (Randell 75).

Administrative Theory Essay

The issue about the ability of public servants to serve the best interest of the public through a solid public governance and administration system has always been an important point in related debates and discussions. In this paper, the focus will be on the role of the Administrative Theory, its related perspectives and paradigm, and how disaster response actions act as a mirror reflecting the state of public service, and the significance (or lack of) of the Administrative Theory in today’s world. Disasters, some say, bring out the best in everyone. If this was true, then the worst disasters can be used to gauge public service and the ability and competence of public servants as well as the use and significance of dogmas, structures, policies, beliefs and design of pubic administration in the modern day life. An example of one of the deadliest modern day natural disaster is Hurricane Katrina. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay â€Å"Hurricane Katrina may be the largest natural disaster in dollar terms in U. S. history, with damage exceeding $50 billion (Birkland, 2006, p. 105). † Hurricane Katrina, for its ferocity, strength, and extent of damage is a good case study in the assessment of public service doctrine use and compatibility, as well as the competence and ability of the people working under these public service perspectives to cope and cooperate successfully under a pre-defined dogma. Ideally, the Administrative Theory was designed so that a particular process and protocol is established so that actions of different individuals, serving to be able to accomplish one purpose, are constructive and contributing towards the achievement of a particular goal, in essence making the theory the catalyst of the start of a process that can provide assistance. The Administrative Theory, as an idea, is always expected to influence constructive and positive output from any endeavor (i. e. response to a natural disaster). But in application, the use of the existing paradigm for Administrative Theory is not always assisting the efforts during a natural disaster. Sometimes it also hinders the effective delegation of assistance and response by individuals and agencies during a natural disaster because it is incomplete and not fully suitable for the present design of local and federal governance as it is applied in the United States. The best example to use as a case study to determine Administrative Theory’s characteristic as being unsuitable and incomplete when used in the current system of governance in the United States is the administration problems that happened during the Hurricane Katrina disaster response and management. Following the idea of the Administrative Theory, members of the agencies responsible for responding to the victims of Hurricane Katrina should have effortlessly handled the situation considering that everyone has a task to fulfil. What the Administrative Theory failed to discuss and include in its parameters is the complexity brought about by inter-agency operation present during the Hurricane Katrina disaster management action and similar incidents. Because of the rigors of the Administrative Theory and the limitations that are found in the theory’s nature and essence, how the people acted and reacted with each other during the disaster response was far from being smooth and flawless. In the assessment of the Hurricane Katrina public administration efforts for disaster response and assistance, observers can see that in employing the ideas found in the Administrative Theory (as well as with consideration to other factors too), the situation became more problematic and complicated. â€Å"Then Hurricane Katrina slammed into the coasts of Louisiana and Mississippi, virtually destroying New Orleans and many smaller communities along the Gulf Coast. Although arguments continued long afterward about the adequacy of federal, state , and local emergency response, in the minds of many Americans government had failed its most basic responsibility: to help its citizens in a time of dire need and to protect them from further harm (Stivers, 2008, p. 73). † Because of this, it can be considered that the Administrative Theory can be considered as a source of hindrance and not a source of assistance in the effective action during natural disaster response, assistance and management. What are the issues? There is just one important issue that is connected with the assessment of the impact of the Administrative Theory and the disaster management during Hurricane Katrina. This is the assessment of the administrative aspect of the local and federal government, and why many individuals believe that in general such efforts failed. The Hurricane Katrina and how the government (local and federal) responded, cooperated and interacted during the disaster management efforts provided a classic case wherein administrative theories and its use or absence is seen and reflected. The issue focuses on the fact that despite the country’s capability – material and theoretical – to respond well and effectively during disasters like Hurricane Katrina. The effort was considered as a failure, owed largely to the role of the existing public administration approach. The presence of Administrative Theory aspects, in this case, and how this particular disaster management effort brings to light what is lacking in the current public administration theories and models. The realization, all in all, is that the ensuing complexity of local and federal governance makes elusive the perfect formula for effective public administration and governance in different levels, including disaster response and management. â€Å"People who study and practice administration often take the view, perhaps only half-consciously, that if only the right formula for organizing work and assigning responsibility can be found, things will fall into place and everything will run smoothly – or, at least, more so than before. Many of the post-Katrina criticisms levelled at governments have centered on failure to coordinate rescue efforts. These charges reflect the continuing belief in the power of the right system. Certainly they mark the belief that there is a right system (Stivers, 2008, p. 73). † Who are the actors? In the assessment of the Hurricane Katrina and the assessment of the Administrative Theory perspective in the effort to provide disaster response, assistance and management in the location of the disaster, it is important to identify the actors (individuals and agencies) who took part in the effort who may or may not be responsible not only for what measure of success there is in the endeavor but also in the failure of the parameters and perspective of the Administrative Theory in this particular scenario. The Administrative Theory talks about roles and responsibilities, but it did not explain how complexities of these things should be addressed during interagency response to natural disasters, something that happened during Hurricane Katrina. â€Å"Interagency relationships lead to well documented problems associated with unclear authority and responsibility. The House committee examining the government response to Hurricane Katrina blames all levels of government, from the White House, to Governor Kathleen Blanco of Louisiana, to Mayor Ray Nagins of New Orleans, for the delayed response to the storm (Callahan, 2006, p. 139). † This is just a ballpark assessment of the list of characters involved who also contributed to the failure of the disaster rescue and assistance action, despite administrative practices and because of the incompetence of such measures in handling real life scenario. Other participants are identified by the National Response Plan (NRP) program of the government, which identifies the federal as well as non federal agencies and organizations which should be involved in the time of disaster management (Hogan, Burnstein, 2007, p. 151). But NRP in itself was considered by some as problematic. â€Å"As Hurricane Katrina plowed ashore, this cumbersome and contradictory schematic of national disaster response was about to be put to a stern test (Cooper, Block, 2007, p. 130). † There are also some other actors who are involved in this interagency action and it included government entities (military, paramedic, search and rescue units, office of the mayor and governor, etc) as well as private (NGOs and private citizens). What leads the various actors to make the choices or take the positions that they do? There are several reasons that could answer the question about the motivation of the actors to act or decide as they did at the height of the Hurricane Katrina. This may include accountability, responsibility, initiative, instinct or even the sense of direction coming from an existing protocol and systematic approach to problems such as this. How each actor weighs each and any of these is another consideration. Some of these maybe personal forces (i. e. instinct, initiative, a sense of ethics and responsibility, personal clarity of mind and sense of direction during crisis, etc), while other possible motivation maybe organization forces. There are also other reasons, like the absence of a possible course of action that directs everyone involved inside a particular course of action for this eventuality. â€Å"The NRP offers no clear guidance on what distinguishes a run-of-the-mill disaster from a catastrophic event. But generally, catastrophic events imperil the national leadership, echo through the national economy and cause national disruptions (Cooper, Block, 2007, p. 130). † What are the organizational forces? Even if there were aspects of the Administrative Theory in use during the effort to provide assistance to the victims of Hurricane Katrina which can be categorized as organization forces, some of these aspects maybe considered useless as well because these forces (like the push and pull of the initiatives and information of the people working under the system) are not properly acted upon. Take for example, the characteristic of the Administrative Theory about the idea of chain of command and information sharing based on a ladder-type hierarchy. This aspect was in use, pre-Katrina, as well as during and after the Katrina crisis. But critics believe that it was a failure nonetheless because the response of the individuals to the information shared through the chain of command was not properly acted upon. Because of this, there were feelings of dismay and low moral, and some people integral in this chain of command, realizing the breakdown and futility of such design, resigned from their position. â€Å"Matthew Broderick, head of the DHS Operations Directorate and the HSOC, resigned effective March 31, 2006, following the House of Representatives report on Katrina, which singled him out for failing to inform high-level officials of Katrina’s devastating impacts†¦ William Carwile, a veteran FCO who had been put in charge of the Katrina response for Mississippi and who had struggled to inform the administration that Katrina’s impacts were truly catastrophic, resigned his post and left government service shortly after Katrina (Tierney, Bevc, 2007, p. 48). † What are the external forces? While external forces were hardly discussed as source of the failure of the operation to answer the devastation of Katrina immediately and in the long term, there may also be external forces at play in this situation. This may include the presence of political consideration of political leaders that could have affected and influenced the actions that they took during the disaster. Foreign aid and support, as well as foreign pressure, and the threats coming from the outside which may aggravate the situation inside Mississippi and New Orleans, may have also contributed to the turn out of the rescue and assistance efforts.

The Role of a Modern Industrial Manager

The role of a modern industrial manager Role of Industrial Manager Introduction The modern industrial manager is largely responsible for overlooking management operations at the workplace along with the management of people and technology . The role of the industrial manager is mainly personnel management initiatives for the employees as well as operational management and technology management through HR principles and knowledge management involving technological advances .Some of the theories that could be discussed in the context would be McGregor ‘s theory X-Y , Taylor and Fayol theories of management and how leadership skills of the manager could affect output and general performance of employees and the company Role of manager The focus here is on the role of the industrial manager , what he does and the tasks he is expected to perform . McGregor has formulated his X-Y theory by examining theories of individual behavior at work and his assumptions for theory X and theory Y vary considerably (McGregor 2006 .The theory X assumptions are that employees inherently dislike work and the managers feel that workers are in the job mainly because of the money . This sort of management style has inherent flaws as tight controls could go against the freedom of employees and will finally make people unproductive and resentful . The theory Y shows the management style marked by open-mindedness allowing individuals to work with their own responsibility . In this case , the manager believes that employees commit to their organizations through imagination , and creativity (McGregor , 2006 Weisbord , 2004 .If the job is satisfying , individuals will more often commit to their organization which is always good from any HR perspective . Theory Y is often considered a positive set of assumptions for workers and reflects higher needs The other theories of management that could be used in practice would be Taylor ‘s scientific management theory that suggests that man is a rational economic animal concerned with his own economic gain and people tend to respond individually . Taylor ‘s theory suggests that people could be treated like machines and these principles suggest that high wages could be linked to motivation .However , considering humans as standardized machines would be like overlooking several individual differences and this would not be advantageous for any organization Fayol ‘s theory emphasized on team dynamics and employee efforts in an organization (Fayol , 1988 . Division of labor , authority and responsibility , discipline , unity of command and direction , emphasis on general interest , remuneration , centralization , line of authority , equity , stability of tenure , initiative etc are some of the features in Fayol ‘s theory that points out to a successful management system within an organization ConclusionIn conclusion the role of the industrial manager is associated with bringing out a balance between peopl e ‘s sense of responsibility and economic and other gains of the company . The theories used here suggest that the industrial manager is responsible for understanding individual needs of employees as also their opinions and sense of responsibility Bibliography Fayol , Henri (1988 General and industrial management / Henry Fayol Pitman McGregor , Douglas (2006 The human side of enterprise / Douglas†¦